• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Apparatus for spray coating discrete particles while the particles are suspended in a gas flow, the apparatus including a vertically disposed coating chamber; a gas receiving, compressing and accelerating enclosure open at the top and bottom, such as a truncated hollow cone, within the chamber and including therewithin coating and drying zones and forming on the outside thereof therebetween it and the inside wall surface of the coating chamber an annular storage zone for a load of the discrete particles; one or more gas shaping or aerodynamic structures centrally disposed in spaced relation below the truncated hollow cone defining therebetween with the apparatus inside wall surface an annular nozzle for a Coanda flow of upwardly moving gases substantially into the truncated hollow cone; a particle supporting screen between the truncated hollow cone and the aerodynamic structure(s); at least one spray nozzle extending above the central aerodynamic structure and projecting through the particle supporting screen for providing an atomized spray of coating material within the truncated hollow cone; and a source of upwardly moving gases from below the aerodynamic structure(s).
    公开号:SU917684A3
    申请号:SU772504501
    申请日:1977-06-10
    公开日:1982-03-30
    发明作者:С.Даннелли Кларенс；Рональд Леонард Чарльз
    申请人:Истман Кодак Компани (Фирма)；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    (five)
    COATING APPLICATION DEVICE
    The invention relates to spraying or encapsulating discrete particles or objects in the form of particles while the particles or objects are suspended in a gaseous fluid such as air. Discrete particles or particulate objects to be sprayed or to be encapsulated may be particles or objects of nutrients, therapeutic substances, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, rodentsides, and the like. Covering or capsule-forming materials serve to protect, protect and improve the appearance or to create special properties, such as, for example, resistance in the rumen, the rupture of the stomach of ruminants, coatings that can be removed after chewing the chewing gum and used in QUALITY PARTICLES
    ve feed additives for ruminants
    In processes that involve encapsulation, the core 6 material must be enclosed in or surrounded by the capsule in some way, and then, if necessary, be freed from it. Non-effluent solid particles and film-forming polymers having a release mechanism that is based on changes in pH, temperature, solubility, mechanical forces, light, or film permeability can be used in the processes in the art.
    Products that are inherently sticky or not normally flow-free may be encapsulated in order to fill the flow-free discrete particles. Low melting solids, waxes and liquids and can be dissolved, dispersed or otherwise incorporated into the main polymer composition and then applied to any suitable core material. Low vapor pressure liquids, although they cannot be encapsulated directly, can first be encapsulated by being absorbed by a porous particle before being surrounded by the capsule. In agriculture, seeds are encapsulated for specific applications, complicated by wet conditions and temperatures, and in order to change physical properties without adversely affecting germination and production. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and inoculums are included in capsule-forming compositions. More acceptable rodenticides have been developed. through the use of technical methods of encapsulation. The release of pesticides can be controlled by using resin films as a forming material. Systems with slow release of insecticides and fungicides have been developed, which place an insecticide or fungicide on seeds and protect the plant for a long time. In the food industry, encapsulation can be used to ensure stability during a process or to release an active ingredient, such as a flavoring agent, a leavening agent or acidifier, at a particular stage of the process. In some cases, coin wrapping is simplified when the incompatible component is encapsulated with and packaged while the mixture is in equilibrium. Oily materials may be encapsulated by absorbing them on a suitable substrate before coating or by incorporating them as part of the coating to be applied. Composite coatings can be an effective preventative sintering treatment, and can also be used as a means of imparting a variety of color, incorporation of surfactants, essential oils, and indicator additives with a high degree of uniformity. Solid particles can be coated like this. so that they retain the required structure, slow down either hydration or dehydration, increase the characteristics of the operation with both irrigated and larger particles5
    particles, and a spray nozzle located at the bottom of the column coaxially with the receiving chamber O. 4, or simply improving the appearance of the product. The taste-hiding components that add an unpleasant smell or create stabilization of the desired smell are used either by direct encapsulation or by incorporating a coating into the substrate. In the pharmaceutical industry, encapsulation processes are used for stability purposes, masking taste and color, release from the tongue and to look for a gut. For example, using a film containing low-melting, semi-crystalline, lipophilic compound can be first applied to a particle that has a high affinity for this compound, such as polyethylene glycol wax. Then, these particles are encapsulated with a hydrophilic film that has little means with this compound. Thus, the substrate and capsule forming components work together to protect the compound from environmental exposure. Coatings that are used in this area include methyl and ethyl methacrylate, cellulose acetate phthalate, carboxymethyl and ethyl cellulose, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol , polystyrene, cellulose propionate morpholinobutyrate, vinylperidine polymers and vinylpyridine derivatives, copolymers, mixtures of polymers with other polymers and / or pigments, fillers, layer identifiers, etc., beeswax, carnauba wax, castor wax, paraffin, corn syrup, dextrins, molasses, fats, gelatins, glycerols, glycols, gum, lecithin, stearates, sucrose, proteins, shellac, starches, etc. Most Close to the present invention is a device for coating particles, containing a vertically installed hollow column in communication with a gas supply system, placed inside the column along its axis and a receiving ka-open at the ends; The measure for compressing and accelerating upward gases, the walls of which form with the walls of the column a zone on the disadvantage of the known device, is the need to increase its size in order to process more particles and other materials to be coated as a result of which the energy requirements increase. with air or gas flows. This is mainly due to the need to use a stream of air or gas to maintain the particles in the annular layer or temporary accumulation section that lies between the wall of the coating chamber and the external replacement of the control element, as well as to lift and circulate the particles up through a conical or cylindrical control. The purpose of the invention is to reduce energy costs. This goal is achieved by having a device for coating particles containing a vertically installed hollow column in communication with a gas supply system located inside the column along its axis and receiving chamber open at the ends for compressing and accelerating upward gases whose walls form the column walls a particle accumulation zone, and a spray nozzle located at the bottom of the column coaxially with the receiving chamber, provided with an aerodynamic guide element above the receiving chamber for Forming gas streams forming the surrounding zone of reduced pressure to trap particles from the accumulation zone. In addition, the device is provided with means at the bottom of the column under the aerodynamic guide element for forming an annular column of gas flows and a support grid positioned between the receiving chamber and the aerodynamic guide element and formed with an orifice spaced concentrically with the opening of the spray nozzle. The aerodynamic guide element is made with a curved surface facing the receiving chamber, its angle of inclination to the device axis is 10-it5, with the curved surface of the aerodynamic guide element being spherical. The device is also equipped with a ring element concentrically with the aerodynamic guide element made in the form a truncated cone facing a smaller base to the support grid and having an outer and an inner surface converging in this direction, the angle nc The length of the walls of the truncated cone is equal to the axis of the device, and the outer surface of the truncated cone is made convex. Fig. 1 schematically shows the cut device proposed. In Fig. 2, the same: versions, in Fig. 5, the elements of the upper part of the device for accumulation of finally coated particles, the cut in Fig. 6 is a graph of the height, thickness and angular relationships between the annular profile and the gas flow design and the relationships between the upper (ha) and lower (b) parts of the gas flow forming element and the largest diameter in the cross section of the gas flow forming element. The device for coating the particles contains a vertically installed hollow column 1, which communicates with the gas supply system 2 placed inside the column 1 along its axis and the receiving chamber 3 open at the ends to compress and accelerate upward gases, the wall of which forms the walls of the column 1 are an accumulation zone for particles, and a spray nozzle 5 located in the lower part of the column 1 coaxially with the receiving chamber. The device is also provided with an aerodynamic guide element 6 located under the receiving chamber 3 for forming gas flows forming the reduced pressure zone 7 surrounding them to capture particles of their accumulation zone 4, and a supporting grid 8 placed between the receiving chamber 3 and the aerodynamic guide element 6 The support grille 8 is made with a: - version 9 located concentric with the opening of the spray nozzle 5, and the aerodynamic guide element 6 is made with a curved surface facing the receiving second chamber 3. The angle of inclination of the aerodynamic Hariza ravl guide member 6 to the axis ustroy79 CTBA is a power metal NOSTA curved aerodynamic guide member 6 is spherical. The device is also equipped with a concentration element enclosing the aerodynamic guide element 6 by an annular element 10, made in the form of a truncated cone 11, with a smaller base facing the supporting grid 8 and having the outward and inner surfaces converging in this direction. The angle of inclination of the walls of the truncated cone 11 is equal to lO-tS relative to the axis of the device, and the outer surface of the truncated cone is made convex. The floor of the column 1 contains the upper part 12 with a narrowing 13 at the lower end and the lower part of H, and the surface of the wall of the narrowing 13 forms a seam with the wall surface of the lower part 1 16 and 1 for supplying air or gas under the plate 18 to the pressure zone 19 From the pressure zone 19, the plate 18 separates the second pressure zone 20. The plate 18 is perforated and causes gas or air in the pressure zone 19 to pass into the pressure zone 20 in a vertical and uniform flow. The aerodynamic guide element 6 is centrally located inside column 1 and extends substantially horizontally through the cross section of a vertically arranged hollow column 1. In other words, it has a plane of cross section generally perpendicular to the vertical axis of the vertically positioned hollow column 1 The upper edge of the upper surface of the element 6 is evenly spaced a certain distance from the wall surface of the column 1 and defines a reduced pressure area with the wall surface of the hollow column 1. to increase the upward velocity of the gases flowing in the upward direction so that the upward flowing gases form the boundary layer, which is directed away from the wall surface by the column string 1 and adheres to the upper surface of the aerodynamic element 6 for flow past it. The upper surface of the element 6 may be flat, preferably curved, or approximately spherical. It may have a height he / above the cross-sectional plane (Fig. 6), therefore on the order of 0150% or, preferably, 10-150% of the largest cross-sectional diameter D (Fig. 6) of element 6. The surface below the diameter of the largest cross-section can also be flat (not shown) and may have a depth or height hg less than or 0-200 of the largest cross-sectional diameter D (Fig. 6). Thus, element 6 is adapted to compress and accelerate the flow- ing gases near the periphery of the hollow box 1 and direct them towards the center of the hollow column 1 at an angle of 10kS from the direction parallel to the flowing gases from areas of increased air or gas pressure. The receiving chamber 3 is made in the form of a hollow truncated cone 1 or any pyramid located in the center of the hollow column 1 and having a decreasing cross section in the upward direction and a certain height depending on the size and weight of the particles to be processed. Inside the chamber 3, the coating and drying zones are in ascending order. The receiving chamber 3 serves to separate the coating and drying zones from the zone of slowing IJ, which lies in the region above the upper base of chamber 3 and from the accumulation zone D. Chamber 3 detects the diameter of its lower base to some extent less than the diameter of the upper hour. 12 and from O to 25% larger than the diameter of the support grid 8. The lower base of the chamber 3 is spaced apart by a certain distance from the supporting grid 8, and the upper base determines the diameter of order 20-80 of the diameter of the lower base. The height of chamber 3 ranges from a single to six times the diameter of the lower base. The device works as follows. 5E Particles 21 are loaded into the coater through a closed opening 22 into an accumulation zone k between the wall surface of the hollow column 1 and the outer wall surface of chamber 3. Thus, the particles are arranged in a ring-like layer around chamber 3. Inclined surface of the outer wall The chamber 3, the constriction 13 of the upper part 12 and the supporting grid 8 serve to contain particles 21 in the annular layer prior to the start of the coating operation. Particles 21 can be loaded with any other suitable method. The gas or air is turned on to start the circulation of particles or granules from the annular layer or accumulation zone C to the coating, drying and retardation zones and back to the upper part of the annular layer. Then, the spray jet is activated and controlled by controls (not shown). The Coanda flow (the Coanda effect) refers to the tendency of a fluid (gaseous or liquid) to adhere to the surface that is near the opening from which the fluid exits. Such an opening in this case is formed in the region between the gas flow forming element 6 and the adjacent wall surface of the lower part T at the closest point. The gas flow exiting the orifice region around the gas flow forming element 6 is an annular flow that sticks or is attracted to the surface of the gas flow forming element 6. Therefore, the flow from any one of the selected locations around the orifice is opposed by other flows. , TajNc that it is prevented from continuing further through the upper surface of the gas-forming element 6 and is forced to move in the direction of the cable from the upper surface at some point for flow into the chamber 3. Chastimny vacuum formed in Nepo backhoes member above the upper surface 6 and the lower edge of the chamber 3 that aids in focusing and compression of the rising of the annular gas flow. Upflow takes a conical shape (Fig. 2, dot-dash lines inside chamber 3 and has a centering effect on particles 21 moving upward through chamber 3. An important part of the Coanda effect is the tendency of a gas or liquid flow to pick up or drain more gas or liquid from the environment. In this latter case, the particles 21 are drawn from the annular layer or accumulation zone C into the gas flowing in the upward direction due to the partial vacuum region that is just above the reference p by a bar 8 adjacent to the upstream path due to the Coanda effect. This partial vacuum is directed perpendicular to the annular air flow from the orifice H. Immediately, as only 21 particles are drawn into the upwardly flowing gas inside chamber 3, they are subjected to the upward accelerating flow of gas or air. When the particles 21 pass through the lower central region or the coating zone of chamber 3, they are brought into contact with the sprayed spray;: "and the coating material. This spray jet emerges from the spray nozzle 5, since the liquid coating agent is either forcibly pushed out through one hole, or liquid and bone spray air flow out simultaneously from the jets adjacent to each other. In any case, the fine droplets of the coating material are in a fluid state, as this material dissolves or melts in the area directly above the spray nozzle 5. Then, above the chamber 3, the liquid state of the coating material deposited on the granules or particles passes 8 solid through evaporation processes or solidification, during the transition from the liquid state to,. the solid, coated particles pass through the stage when they are sticky or sticky and agglomerate if they come into contact with each other. This contact state is prevented by tilting or spacing the walls of chamber 3 and subsequent accelerating forcing of particles 21 to separate them. The conical nature of chamber 3 causes compression and acceleration of the rising gas column, therefore the speed or acceleration of particles 21 steadily increases when particles rise in chamber 3. This acceleration causes an increasing separation along the vertical and the space between particles 21 and reduces the tendency for particles to enter contact with each other until the coating is tacky. This area of chamber 3 is called the drying zone. When compressed gases and enlarged particles 21 pass upward from the upper base of chamber 3i, they expand in the upper part 12 of hollow column 1 and thus slow down to a speed too low to suspend particles 21. This area represents a zone of retardation where further drying takes place, then particles 21 fall under the force of gravity and an annular layer, where they are gradually mixed down due to the effect of gravity until they are again drawn into the coating area. This repetition of recirculation cycles continues until sufficient coating is applied, depending on the size and surface of the particles and the nature of the material to be sprayed on as a coating. The spray jet is turned off, and the flow of gas or air, the particle trap, can be blocked or amplified to move the coated particles to the uppermost region 12 of the hollow column 1, for example for accumulation in the manner illustrated in FIG. 5. Any other suitable unloading method can be used.
    coated particles.
    If the gases flowing upward around element 6 would be counted as a successive row of layers of molecules, then it would be thought that there is a small layer or layer of molecules along the surface of the inner wall of the lower part 14. By the word insignificant it is understood that such a layer or layers of molecules will not perform any supporting function of the particles in the annular layer.
    Therefore, moving radially inward from the surface of the inner wall of the lower part 1, more knowing quantities of the upstream gas or air can be supplied by a larger gas-forming structure (element 11). The ring element 11 serves to add compression and a focusing effect on the upward flows of gas. so that essentially all gas flows will move through the hollow receiving chamber 3.
    权利要求:
    Claims (3)
    [1]
    Additional repeatedly forming gas flow. Or annular profiles | not shown may also be used in larger coating devices. The strong layers of molecules bend in the direction of the aerodynamic guide element 6 and adhere to its surface. This adherence of molecules to the surface of element 6 can advantageously be compared with the effect of a teapot, which is the low-speed form of the Coanda effect. When water is slowly poured out of the can, it tends to attract (adhere to the side wall of the glass in the same way as tea adheres to the spout of the kettle). High-velocity fluids behave similarly and adhere to the surface of a suitable shape. When the rising molecules flow through the surface of element 6, after they pass the hole area, at some point along the upper surface of element 6, the opposing nature of the annular flow causes the molecules to move upward from the upper surface and from adjacent layers of molecules. A partial vacuum is created above element 6 due to the high velocity of the upward gas flow, which causes an inwardly directed deflection of the molecules moving upward. The size of the coating device (Fig. 3) is enlarged in order to skip large loading batches of particles for the coating-related treatment. It has been established that it is more practical to add an additional gas forming structure or a C element P instead of increasing the size of the gas forming element 6. Thus, a large 13 The exact shape and location of the profiles are functions of a whole number of variables. The most significant and variable are the dimensions of this device, the size of the particles to be coated, the density of the particles, the flow rate of gas or air, and the required rate of recycling of particles through the coating area. Therefore, in a large-scale coater, one or more annular and gas-enclosed structures or profiles that are installed at an angle or curved, concentric and radially external to the central gas-forming structure can be provided. These annular profiles can be attached to the central gas flow forming structure (element 6) or to the walls of the coating device with radial braces so as to create minimal upward reflection of the gases flowing in the upward direction. The annular element 11 forming the gas flow tilts inwardly in the upper direction so that its inclination lies in a plane extending at an angle from 10 to S, measured from an axis perpendicular to the diameter of the device for applying the Di coating. An inwardly inclined annular element 11 provides a surface with which gas or air collides for subsequent flow formation and direction upwards into the hollow chamber 3.. The vertical height of the annular element 11 may be 10-50% of the diameter perpendicular to the transverse. surface section of the coater. The annular element 11 (FIG. 6) has the configuration of an aerodynamic profile having at least one curved surface extending mainly in the direction of the GE flow. The total angle of the line described from point P at the lower edge of the aerodynamic profile of element 11 to point Pg. , on the upper edge in a vertical direction or perpendicular to the line that is tangent to the upper curved surface of the centrally disposed aerodynamic element 6, composes with inclination inwards, measured from an axis perpendicular to the diameter of the coater. The cross sectional configuration of the annular airfoil element 11 in the plane drawn from the center of the cross sectional area of the coating device to point P on the lower edge of the aerodynamic profile to point Pj in the upper edge of the aerodynamic profile represents a tear-shaped form or a similar cross section to an elevating airfoil. shape, having a thicker cross section at the front, with orientation in the direction of “counter-current flow in the direction of px gases. The thick part itself ranges from two fifths to half the height in the vertical direction. In other words, the height of the NT of the thickest part of T is equal to the value from 2/5 to 1/2 N, where H is the height of the airfoil. The thickest cross section T is equal to between 1/6 and 2/5 N. Therefore, the dimensions, location and geometrical configuration of the ring element 11 are such that the upward flowing gases are reflected radially inwards at an angle from the direction parallel to the original flow gas. The dimensions of the coating device (Fig. 4) increase to the same extent as the dimensions of the device (Fig. 3). The device (Fig. K) differs from that shown in Fig. 3 in that the portions of the columns 12 and 1 are modified as follows. so that they are the same in diameter across the cross section. In other words, the coater is positioned within one part of column 12. It could also be smaller in size so that only one gas flow forming element 6 (Fig. 2) is used instead of sizes requiring annular. element 11 of the aerodynamic profile. In this device, looping (recirculation) is more rapid, since the particles are not so easily held in the region of the annular layer as they could be held in the case of a tapering base; ny Therefore, proportionally smaller loading batches can be used, since particle recycling is essentially continuous when the particles spend a very small period of time in the annular layer. For this reason, an apparatus of this type of pa is suitable for special purposes, while those shown in Figs 2 and 3 are considered to be suitable for more general applications. FIG. 5 shows a method for discharging a coating device. A conduit 23 is installed inside the upper portion of the device and a gas or air permeable collection bag 2 can be installed at the far end of conduit 23 to collect the finally coated particles as described above. The receiving chambers 3 can be adapted to adjust the downward movement or upward movement in the vertical plane. The same can be done with the aerodynamic guide element 6, the ring elements 11, the profiles and the spray nozzles b, when it is necessary to adjust to the gas or air flow, the dimensions and weights of the particles, the densities of the coating material and any other regulating factors which may be relevant to the process. The particles or granules to be coated may be periodically charged and processed, or, if deemed advantageous, two or more such coating devices may be cascaded to provide a continuous coating operation. The particle inlet in the cascade system can be positioned above the annular accumulator of one device and particles can be dosed in a predetermined way into the annular accumulation layer, while the outlet to the next coating device can be located on the opposite side of the annular accumulation layer and will prevent excess coated particles. The inlet aperture can also be positioned for the flow of particles under the force of gravity to the annular accumulation layer in this layer as well. It may be desirable to provide different coatings in different devices or to provide additional coatings. Example. The coating device (Fig. 2), in which the receiving chamber 3 has a diameter of 8 inches (20.32 cm), lower base and k inch (10.16 cm) of the upper base, is charged with 25 pounds (11 kg) per mainly spherical pellets feed additives for pets. These granules are composed of E0% methionine and 10 binders. The average diameter of the spherical granules is 3 mm. Approximately 250 standard cubic feet per minute (7.08 cubic meters) per minute of air, at an overpressure of 7 psi (0.92 kg / cm), is injected into the pressure chamber 19. This air creates circulation the granules through chamber 3, the height of chamber 3 above the supporting grid B is adjusted to obtain such a flow rate of granules so that all the granules in the annular accumulation zone pass through chamber 3 approximately every minute. The coating solution composed of 6 propionate morpholinobutyrate of cel-i-lulose in acetone under pressure is pumped through a spray nozzle 5 and at the same time 5 standard cubic feet in 1 minute (0, H2) of a spray bozdush at an overpressure of 40 psi An inch (2.812 kg / cm) is fed to the spray nozzle 5. The feed rate is adjusted by the pump so that the pump delivers 1 pound of solution per minute (kg / min). The device is operated for 45 minutes. The product is a core of granules, coated with a layer of about 2 mils (2,) and a polymer thickness. This granule is used as a feed supplement for ruminants, since the polymer resists microorganism presentation in the rumen, but dissolves with higher acidity in the abomasum, where methionine is absorbed by ruminants. Claim 1. Apparatus for applying POC dredging to particles containing vertically installed a hollow column communicating with a gas supply system, placed inside the column along its axis and open at the ends of the receiving chamber for compressing and accelerating upward gases, st With the walls of the column, the particles accumulate an accumulation zone of particles and a spray nozzle located in the lower part of the column coaxially with the receiving chamber, which, in order to reduce the energy costs, is equipped with an aerodynamic guide for the formation of gas streams that form the environment (their lower pressure zone for capturing particles from the accumulation zone.
    [2]
    2. The device according to claim 1, wherein it is supplied with means for forming an annular column of gas flows located in the lower part of the column under the aerodynamic guide element.
    [3]
    3. A device according to Claim 1, in that it is provided with a support grid placed between the receiving chamber and the aerodynamic guide element. k. A device as defined in Claims 1 and 3 is made up of the fact that the supporting grid is made with a hole located concentrically with the hole of the spray nozzle. 5. The device according to Clause 1, about the l and c of the shch.e so that the aerodynamic element 18 is made with a curved surface facing the receiving chamber. 6. The device according to Claims 1 and 5, which is characterized by the fact that the angle of inclination of the aerodynamic guide element to the axis of the device is equal. 7. The device according to Claims 1 and 5. About the fact that the curved surface of the aerodynamic guide element is spherical. 8. The device according to Claim 1, that is, it is equipped with a concentrically enclosing aerodynamic guide element ring element made in the form of a truncated cone, facing a smaller base with a smaller base in this direction, the outer and inner surfaces. 9. The device according to PP.1 and 8, differing in that the angle of inclination of the walls of the truncated cone is from-. relative to the axis of the device is. to. The device according to Claims 1 and 8, is distinguished by the fact that the outer surface of the truncated cone is made convex. Sources of information taken into account in the examination 1. US patent No. 3110626, cl.118-308, published. 13.08.63 (prototype).
    16GTL7t 1, fiJi
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    BE855599A|1977-12-12|
    AU2602577A|1978-12-14|
    CA1088299A|1980-10-28|
    BR7703672A|1978-04-18|
    US4117801A|1978-10-03|
    DE2726164A1|1977-12-22|
    AR214884A1|1979-08-15|
    GB1584283A|1981-02-11|
    FR2354147A1|1978-01-06|
    SE7706715L|1977-12-11|
    JPS52150785A|1977-12-14|
    FR2354147B1|1982-03-12|
    AU512601B2|1980-10-16|
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    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US05/694,757|US4117801A|1976-06-10|1976-06-10|Apparatus for spray coating discrete particles|
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